Understanding DUI Arrests in Virginia and the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test is one of three standardized field sobriety tests (SFSTs) validated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It is also a test that police in Chesapeake, Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Suffolk, Newport News, and Hampton administer frequently during traffic stops when intoxicated driving is suspected. Though the NHTSA recognizes the HGN as a test that can indicate impairment, this test is not fool-proof. In fact, it has its disadvantages, which make admitting it as evidence problematic.
In Virginia, our DUI defense lawyer will investigate your case, including the types of and manner in which field sobriety tests like the HGN test were administered. At Pettrey Law, PLC, we use our skills and resources to ensure you receive the best representation possible.
Contact us at (757) 796-6996 to schedule a consultation and learn more about how we will help you fight your DUI charge in Chesapeake, Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Suffolk, Newport News, and Hampton.
What is a Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test?
The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test is one of three standardized field sobriety tests used by the police in Virginia to help determine whether a driver is under the unlawful influence of alcohol or drugs.
Three Major Clues of Intoxication
Police look for three major clues while administering the HGN test. Each eye is assessed for these three clues, so there are actually a total of six possible indicators of intoxication. If the officer determines four clues exist, that is supposed to indicate the driver's blood alcohol content (BAC) level is above 0.08 percent.
- Clue 1 involves the onset of nystagmus in either eye before 45 degrees.
- Clue 2 involves nystagmus in either eye when the eye gazes as far as possible to the right or left – in this case, there is a sustained and distinct jerking.
- Clue 3 occurs when the driver is unable to follow the stimulus – known as lack of smooth pursuit.
Each clue requires specific motions or manners in which the stimulus is held or passed. Each clue also requires different timing. For example, the movement of the stimulus to determine the lack of smooth pursuit should be two seconds out and back to each eye while it is four seconds to move the stimulus from eye to the driver's shoulder to determine the onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees.
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Ways to Challenge the HGN Test in Virginia
HGN tests can be challenged effectively by arguing against their reliability (these tests are highly subjective) or proving improper administration of the test (these tests require following strict and specific technical rules). Also, these tests can be challenged based on matters not associated with the test itself, but matters related to the driver or to the environment.
Common Challenges to the HGN Test
- Unreliable based on police officer's subjective estimations and preconceived notions
- Unreliable based on police officer's failure to administer the test properly
- Unreliable based on external factors
Common External Causes of Failed HGN Tests
- Bad weather
- Administered at night in darkness or during the day with a glaring sun
- Bad roads or other environmental issues
- Patrol car lights flashing or other lighting issues
- Driver's pre-existing health issues or medications, like ear disorders, eye disorders, head injury or brain damage, excessive amounts of caffeine, antihistamines, barbiturates, illness like the flu or vertigo